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Add prime factors calculation.
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Oleksii Trekhleb
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@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ a set of rules that precisely define a sequence of operations.
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* `B` [Bit Manipulation](src/algorithms/math/bits) - set/get/update/clear bits, multiplication/division by two, make negative etc.
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* `B` [Factorial](src/algorithms/math/factorial)
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* `B` [Fibonacci Number](src/algorithms/math/fibonacci) - classic and closed-form versions
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* `B` [Prime Factors](src/algorithms/math/prime-factors) - finding distinct prime-factor count using both accurate & Hardy-Ramanujan's Algorithm
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* `B` [Prime Factors](src/algorithms/math/prime-factors) - finding prime factors and counting them using Hardy-Ramanujan's theorem
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* `B` [Primality Test](src/algorithms/math/primality-test) (trial division method)
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* `B` [Euclidean Algorithm](src/algorithms/math/euclidean-algorithm) - calculate the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD)
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* `B` [Least Common Multiple](src/algorithms/math/least-common-multiple) (LCM)
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@ -1,34 +1,34 @@
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# Prime Factors
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Prime factors are basically those prime numbers which multiply together to give the orignal number. For ex: 39 will have prime factors as 3 and 13 which are also prime numbers. Another example is 15 whose prime factors are 3 and 5.
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**Prime number** is a whole number greater than `1` that **cannot** be made by multiplying other whole numbers. The first few prime numbers are: `2`, `3`, `5`, `7`, `11`, `13`, `17`, `19` and so on.
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#### Method for finding the prime factors and their count accurately
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If we **can** make it by multiplying other whole numbers it is a **Composite Number**.
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The approach is to basically keep on dividing the natural number 'n' by indexes from i = 2 to i = n by prime indexes only. This is ensured by an 'if' check. Then value of 'n' keeps on overriding by (n/i).
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The time complexity till now is O(n) in worst case since the loop run from index i = 2 to i = n even when no index 'i' is left to be divided by 'n' other than n itself. This time complexity can be reduced to O(sqrt(n)) from O(n). This optimisation is acheivable when loop is ran from i = 2 to i = sqrt(n). Now, we go only till O(sqrt(n)) because when 'i' becomes greater than sqrt(n), we now have the confirmation there is no index 'i' left which can divide 'n' completely other than n itself.
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##### Optimised Time Complexity: O(sqrt(n))
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_Image source: [Math is Fun](https://www.mathsisfun.com/prime-factorization.html)_
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**Prime factors** are those [prime numbers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number) which multiply together to give the original number. For example `39` will have prime factors of `3` and `13` which are also prime numbers. Another example is `15` whose prime factors are `3` and `5`.
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#### Hardy-Ramanujan formula for approximate calculation of prime-factor count
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In 1917, a theorem was formulated by G.H Hardy and Srinivasa Ramanujan which approximately tells the total count of distinct prime factors of most 'n' natural numbers.
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The fomula is given by ln(ln(n)).
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_Image source: [Math is Fun](https://www.mathsisfun.com/prime-factorization.html)_
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#### Code Explaiation
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## Finding the prime factors and their count accurately
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There are on 4 functions used:
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The approach is to keep on dividing the natural number `n` by indexes from `i = 2` to `i = n` (by prime indexes only). The value of `n` is being overridden by `(n / i)` on each iteration.
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- getPrimeFactors : returns array containing all distinct prime factors for given input n.
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The time complexity till now is `O(n)` in the worst case scenario since the loop runs from index `i = 2` to `i = n`. This time complexity can be reduced from `O(n)` to `O(sqrt(n))`. The optimisation is achievable when loop runs from `i = 2` to `i = sqrt(n)`. Now, we go only till `O(sqrt(n))` because when `i` becomes greater than `sqrt(n)`, we have the confirmation that there is no index `i` left which can divide `n` completely other than `n` itself.
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- getPrimeFactorsCount: returns accurate total count of distinct prime factors of given input n.
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## Hardy-Ramanujan formula for approximate calculation of prime-factor count
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- hardyRamanujanApprox: returns approximate total count of distinct prime factors of given input n using Hardy-Ramanujan formula.
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In 1917, a theorem was formulated by G.H Hardy and Srinivasa Ramanujan which states that the normal order of the number `ω(n)` of distinct prime factors of a number `n` is `log(log(n))`.
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- errorPercent : returns %age of error in approximation using formula to that of accurate result. The formula used is: **[Modulus(accurate_val - approximate_val) / accurate_val ] * 100**. This shows deviation from accurate result.
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Roughly speaking, this means that most numbers have about this number of distinct prime factors.
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## References
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- [Youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6PDtgHhpCHo)
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- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Ramanujan_theorem)
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- [Prime numbers on Math is Fun](https://www.mathsisfun.com/prime-factorization.html)
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- [Prime numbers on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_number)
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- [Hardy–Ramanujan theorem on Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardy%E2%80%93Ramanujan_theorem)
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- [Prime factorization of a number on Youtube](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6PDtgHhpCHo&list=PLLXdhg_r2hKA7DPDsunoDZ-Z769jWn4R8&index=82)
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@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
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import {
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primeFactors,
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hardyRamanujan,
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} from '../primeFactors';
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/**
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* Calculates the error between exact and approximate prime factor counts.
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* @param {number} exactCount
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* @param {number} approximateCount
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* @returns {number} - approximation error (percentage).
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*/
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function approximationError(exactCount, approximateCount) {
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return (Math.abs((exactCount - approximateCount) / exactCount) * 100);
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}
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describe('primeFactors', () => {
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it('should find prime factors', () => {
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expect(primeFactors(1)).toEqual([]);
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expect(primeFactors(2)).toEqual([2]);
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expect(primeFactors(3)).toEqual([3]);
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expect(primeFactors(4)).toEqual([2, 2]);
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expect(primeFactors(14)).toEqual([2, 7]);
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expect(primeFactors(40)).toEqual([2, 2, 2, 5]);
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expect(primeFactors(54)).toEqual([2, 3, 3, 3]);
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expect(primeFactors(100)).toEqual([2, 2, 5, 5]);
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expect(primeFactors(156)).toEqual([2, 2, 3, 13]);
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expect(primeFactors(273)).toEqual([3, 7, 13]);
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expect(primeFactors(300)).toEqual([2, 2, 3, 5, 5]);
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expect(primeFactors(980)).toEqual([2, 2, 5, 7, 7]);
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expect(primeFactors(1000)).toEqual([2, 2, 2, 5, 5, 5]);
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expect(primeFactors(52734)).toEqual([2, 3, 11, 17, 47]);
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expect(primeFactors(343434)).toEqual([2, 3, 7, 13, 17, 37]);
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expect(primeFactors(456745)).toEqual([5, 167, 547]);
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expect(primeFactors(510510)).toEqual([2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17]);
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expect(primeFactors(8735463)).toEqual([3, 3, 11, 88237]);
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expect(primeFactors(873452453)).toEqual([149, 1637, 3581]);
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});
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it('should give approximate prime factors count using Hardy-Ramanujan theorem', () => {
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expect(hardyRamanujan(2)).toBeCloseTo(-0.366, 2);
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expect(hardyRamanujan(4)).toBeCloseTo(0.326, 2);
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expect(hardyRamanujan(40)).toBeCloseTo(1.305, 2);
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expect(hardyRamanujan(156)).toBeCloseTo(1.6193, 2);
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expect(hardyRamanujan(980)).toBeCloseTo(1.929, 2);
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expect(hardyRamanujan(52734)).toBeCloseTo(2.386, 2);
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expect(hardyRamanujan(343434)).toBeCloseTo(2.545, 2);
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expect(hardyRamanujan(456745)).toBeCloseTo(2.567, 2);
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expect(hardyRamanujan(510510)).toBeCloseTo(2.575, 2);
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expect(hardyRamanujan(8735463)).toBeCloseTo(2.771, 2);
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expect(hardyRamanujan(873452453)).toBeCloseTo(3.024, 2);
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});
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it('should give correct deviation between exact and approx counts', () => {
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expect(approximationError(primeFactors(2).length, hardyRamanujan(2)))
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.toBeCloseTo(136.651, 2);
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expect(approximationError(primeFactors(4).length, hardyRamanujan(2)))
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.toBeCloseTo(118.325, 2);
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expect(approximationError(primeFactors(40).length, hardyRamanujan(2)))
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.toBeCloseTo(109.162, 2);
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expect(approximationError(primeFactors(156).length, hardyRamanujan(2)))
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.toBeCloseTo(109.162, 2);
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expect(approximationError(primeFactors(980).length, hardyRamanujan(2)))
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.toBeCloseTo(107.330, 2);
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expect(approximationError(primeFactors(52734).length, hardyRamanujan(52734)))
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.toBeCloseTo(52.274, 2);
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expect(approximationError(primeFactors(343434).length, hardyRamanujan(343434)))
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.toBeCloseTo(57.578, 2);
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expect(approximationError(primeFactors(456745).length, hardyRamanujan(456745)))
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.toBeCloseTo(14.420, 2);
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expect(approximationError(primeFactors(510510).length, hardyRamanujan(510510)))
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.toBeCloseTo(63.201, 2);
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expect(approximationError(primeFactors(8735463).length, hardyRamanujan(8735463)))
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.toBeCloseTo(30.712, 2);
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expect(approximationError(primeFactors(873452453).length, hardyRamanujan(873452453)))
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.toBeCloseTo(0.823, 2);
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});
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});
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@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
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import primefactors from '../primefactors';
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describe('prime-factors', () => {
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it('should give prime factors', () => {
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expect(primefactors.getPrimeFactors(510510)).toEqual([2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17]);
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expect(primefactors.getPrimeFactors(343434)).toEqual([2, 3, 7, 13, 17, 37]);
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expect(primefactors.getPrimeFactors(456745)).toEqual([5, 167, 547]);
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expect(primefactors.getPrimeFactors(8735463)).toEqual([3, 11, 88237]);
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expect(primefactors.getPrimeFactors(873452453)).toEqual([149, 1637, 3581]);
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expect(primefactors.getPrimeFactors(52734)).toEqual([2, 3, 11, 17, 47]);
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});
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it('should give prime factors count accurately', () => {
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expect(primefactors.getPrimeFactorsCount(primefactors.getPrimeFactors(510510))).toEqual(7);
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expect(primefactors.getPrimeFactorsCount(primefactors.getPrimeFactors(343434))).toEqual(6);
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expect(primefactors.getPrimeFactorsCount(primefactors.getPrimeFactors(456745))).toEqual(3);
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expect(primefactors.getPrimeFactorsCount(primefactors.getPrimeFactors(8735463))).toEqual(3);
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expect(primefactors.getPrimeFactorsCount(primefactors.getPrimeFactors(873452453))).toEqual(3);
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expect(primefactors.getPrimeFactorsCount(primefactors.getPrimeFactors(52734))).toEqual(5);
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});
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it('should give prime factors count approximately using Hardy-Ramanujan-Approx', () => {
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expect(primefactors.hardyRamanujanApprox(510510)).toBeCloseTo(2.5759018900,5);
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expect(primefactors.hardyRamanujanApprox(343434)).toBeCloseTo(2.54527635538,5);
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expect(primefactors.hardyRamanujanApprox(456745)).toBeCloseTo(2.5673987036,5);
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expect(primefactors.hardyRamanujanApprox(8735463)).toBeCloseTo(2.771519494900,5);
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expect(primefactors.hardyRamanujanApprox(873452453)).toBeCloseTo(3.0247066455016,5);
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expect(primefactors.hardyRamanujanApprox(52734)).toBeCloseTo(2.386284094835,5);
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});
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it('should give error percentage of deviation of Hardy-Ramanujan-Approx prime-factors count from accurate prime-factors count', () => {
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expect(primefactors.errorPercent(primefactors.getPrimeFactorsCount(primefactors.getPrimeFactors(510510)),primefactors.hardyRamanujanApprox(510510))).toBeCloseTo(63.20140157059997,5);
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expect(primefactors.errorPercent(primefactors.getPrimeFactorsCount(primefactors.getPrimeFactors(343434)),primefactors.hardyRamanujanApprox(343434))).toBeCloseTo(57.5787274,5);
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expect(primefactors.errorPercent(primefactors.getPrimeFactorsCount(primefactors.getPrimeFactors(456745)),primefactors.hardyRamanujanApprox(456745))).toBeCloseTo(14.420043212851,5);
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expect(primefactors.errorPercent(primefactors.getPrimeFactorsCount(primefactors.getPrimeFactors(8735463)),primefactors.hardyRamanujanApprox(8735463))).toBeCloseTo(7.61601683663378,5);
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expect(primefactors.errorPercent(primefactors.getPrimeFactorsCount(primefactors.getPrimeFactors(873452453)),primefactors.hardyRamanujanApprox(873452453))).toBeCloseTo(0.8235548500,5);
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expect(primefactors.errorPercent(primefactors.getPrimeFactorsCount(primefactors.getPrimeFactors(52734)),primefactors.hardyRamanujanApprox(52734))).toBeCloseTo(52.27431810328,5);
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});
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});
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42
src/algorithms/math/prime-factors/primeFactors.js
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42
src/algorithms/math/prime-factors/primeFactors.js
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@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
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/**
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* Finds prime factors of a number.
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*
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* @param {number} n - the number that is going to be split into prime factors.
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* @returns {number[]} - array of prime factors.
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*/
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export function primeFactors(n) {
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// Clone n to avoid function arguments override.
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let nn = n;
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// Array that stores the all the prime factors.
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const factors = [];
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// Running the loop till sqrt(n) instead of n to optimise time complexity from O(n) to O(sqrt(n)).
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for (let factor = 2; factor <= Math.sqrt(nn); factor += 1) {
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// Check that factor divides n without a reminder.
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while (nn % factor === 0) {
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// Overriding the value of n.
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nn /= factor;
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// Saving the factor.
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factors.push(factor);
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}
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}
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// The ultimate reminder should be a last prime factor,
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// unless it is not 1 (since 1 is not a prime number).
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if (nn !== 1) {
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factors.push(nn);
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}
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return factors;
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}
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/**
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* Hardy-Ramanujan approximation of prime factors count.
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*
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* @param {number} n
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* @returns {number} - approximate number of prime factors.
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*/
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export function hardyRamanujan(n) {
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return Math.log(Math.log(n));
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}
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@ -1,44 +0,0 @@
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export default {
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getPrimeFactors : (n) => {
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let factorsArray = []; // an array where all the prime factors will be stored
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//over here optimisation is made by running loop till sqrt(n) instead of n
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for (let i = 2 ; i <= Math.sqrt(n); i++){
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if(n % i === 0){ // if check to ensure i completely divides n
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let count = 0; // This count keeps track of number of times i divides n
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while(n % i === 0){
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n = n/i; // override the value of n
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count++; // count value updated
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}
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factorsArray.push(i); // array gets populated
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}
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}
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if(n !== 1){ // finally we cannot push 1 to array since it cannot be a prime-factor
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factorsArray.push(n);
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}
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return factorsArray;
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},
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//returns accurate prime-factors count
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getPrimeFactorsCount : (factorsArray) => {
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return factorsArray.length;
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},
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//returns Hardy-Ramanujan Approximation of prime-factors count
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hardyRamanujanApprox : (n) => {
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return Math.log(Math.log(n));
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},
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//returns %age of error in approximation using formula to that of accurate result.
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errorPercent : (exactFactorCount,approximateFactorCount) => {
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let diff = exactFactorCount-approximateFactorCount > 0 ? exactFactorCount-approximateFactorCount: -(exactFactorCount-approximateFactorCount);
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return (diff/exactFactorCount * 100);
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}
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}
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