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Refactor segment tree implementation.
This commit is contained in:
Oleksii Trekhleb
parent
5784a4a95b
commit
434a5649cb
@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ the data.
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* [Binary Search Tree](https://github.com/trekhleb/javascript-algorithms/tree/master/src/data-structures/tree/binary-search-tree)
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* [AVL Tree](https://github.com/trekhleb/javascript-algorithms/tree/master/src/data-structures/tree/avl-tree)
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* [Red-Black Tree](https://github.com/trekhleb/javascript-algorithms/tree/master/src/data-structures/tree/red-black-tree)
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* [Segment Tree](https://github.com/trekhleb/javascript-algorithms/tree/master/src/data-structures/tree/segment-tree) - with min/max/sum range queries examples
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* [Graph](https://github.com/trekhleb/javascript-algorithms/tree/master/src/data-structures/graph) (both directed and undirected)
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* [Disjoint Set](https://github.com/trekhleb/javascript-algorithms/tree/master/src/data-structures/disjoint-set)
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@ -1,41 +1,23 @@
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# Segment Tree
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A segment tree is a data structure designed to perform
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certain array operations efficiently - especially those
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involving range queries.
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In computer science, a segment tree also known as a statistic tree
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is a tree data structure used for storing information about intervals,
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or segments. It allows querying which of the stored segments contain
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a given point. It is, in principle, a static structure; that is,
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it's a structure that cannot be modified once it's built. A similar
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data structure is the interval tree.
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A common application is the [Range Minimum Query](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range_minimum_query) (RMQ) problem,
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where we are given an array of numbers and need to
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support operations of updating values of the array and
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finding the minimum of a contiguous subarray.
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A segment tree implementation for the RMQ problem
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takes `O(n)` to initialize, and `O(log n)` per query or
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update. The "minimum" operation can be replaced by any
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array operation (such as sum).
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A segment tree is a binary tree with contiguous
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sub-arrays as nodes. The root of the tree represents the
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A segment tree is a binary tree. The root of the tree represents the
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whole array. The two children of the root represent the
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first and second halves of the array. Similarly, the
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children of each node corresponds to the two halves of
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the array corresponding to the node. If the array has
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size `n`, we can prove that the segment tree has size at
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most `4n`. Each node stores the minimum of its
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corresponding sub-array.
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In the implementation, we do not explicitly store this
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tree structure, but represent it using a `4n` sized array.
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The left child of node i is `2i+1` and the right child
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is `2i+2`. This is a standard way to represent segment
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trees, and lends itself to an efficient implementation.
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the array corresponding to the node.
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We build the tree bottom up, with the value of each node
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being the minimum of its children's values. This will
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take time `O(n)`, with one operation for each node. Updates
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are also done bottom up, with values being recomputed
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starting from the leaf, and up to the root. The number
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being the "minimum" (or any other function) of its children's values. This will
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take `O(n log n)` time. The number
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of operations done is the height of the tree, which
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is `O(log n)`. To answer queries, each node splits the
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is `O(log n)`. To do range queries, each node splits the
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query into two parts, one sub-query for each child.
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If a query contains the whole subarray of a node, we
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can use the precomputed value at the node. Using this
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@ -44,6 +26,21 @@ operations are done.
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## Application
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A segment tree is a data structure designed to perform
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certain array operations efficiently - especially those
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involving range queries.
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Applications of the segment tree are in the areas of computational geometry,
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and geographic information systems.
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Current implementation of Segment Tree implies that you may
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pass any binary (with two input params) function to it and
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thus you're able to do range query for variety of functions.
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In tests you may fins examples of doing `min`, `max` and `sam` range
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queries on SegmentTree.
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## References
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- [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segment_tree)
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@ -1,149 +1,168 @@
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/**
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* Segment Tree implementation for Range Query data structure
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* Tracks a array of numbers. 0 indexed
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* operation is a binary function (eg sum, min) - needs to be associative
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* identity is the identity of the operation
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* i.e, operation(x, identity) = x (eg 0 for sum, Infinity for min)
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* Supports methods
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* update(index, val) - set value of index
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* query(l, r) - finds operation(values in range [l, r]) (both inclusive)
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*
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* As is customary, we store the tree implicitly with i being the parent of 2i, 2i+1.
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*/
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import isPowerOfTwo from '../../../algorithms/math/is-power-of-two/isPowerOfTwo';
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export default class SegmentTree {
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/**
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* array initialises the numbers
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* @param {number[]} array
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* @param {number[]} inputArray
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* @param {function} operation - binary function (i.e. sum, min)
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* @param {number} operationFallback - operation fallback value (i.e. 0 for sum, Infinity for min)
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*/
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constructor(array, operation, identity) {
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this.n = array.length;
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this.array = array;
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this.tree = new Array(4 * this.n);
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constructor(inputArray, operation, operationFallback) {
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this.inputArray = inputArray;
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this.operation = operation;
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this.identity = identity;
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this.operationFallback = operationFallback;
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// use Range Min Query by default
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if (this.operation === undefined) {
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this.operation = Math.min;
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this.identity = Infinity;
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}
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// Init array representation of segment tree.
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this.segmentTree = this.initSegmentTree(this.inputArray);
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this.build();
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this.buildSegmentTree();
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}
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/**
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* Stub for recursive call
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* @param {number[]} inputArray
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* @return {number[]}
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*/
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build() {
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this.buildRec(1, 0, this.n - 1);
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}
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initSegmentTree(inputArray) {
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let segmentTreeArrayLength;
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const inputArrayLength = inputArray.length;
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/**
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* Left child index
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* @param {number} root
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*/
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left(root) {
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return 2 * root;
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}
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/**
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* Right child index
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* @param {number} root
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*/
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right(root) {
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return (2 * root) + 1;
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}
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/**
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* root is the index in the tree, [l,r] (inclusive) is the current array segment being built
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* @param {number} root
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* @param {number} l
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* @param {number} r
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*/
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buildRec(root, l, r) {
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if (l === r) {
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this.tree[root] = this.array[l];
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if (isPowerOfTwo(inputArrayLength)) {
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// If original array length is a power of two.
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segmentTreeArrayLength = (2 * inputArrayLength) - 1;
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} else {
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const mid = Math.floor((l + r) / 2);
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// build left and right nodes
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this.buildRec(this.left(root), l, mid);
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this.buildRec(this.right(root), mid + 1, r);
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this.tree[root] = this.operation(this.tree[this.left(root)], this.tree[this.right(root)]);
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// If original array length is not a power of two then we need to find
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// next number that is a power of two and use it to calculate
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// tree array size. This is happens because we need to fill empty children
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// in perfect binary tree with nulls.And those nulls need extra space.
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const currentPower = Math.floor(Math.log2(inputArrayLength));
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const nextPower = currentPower + 1;
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const nextPowerOfTwoNumber = 2 ** nextPower;
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segmentTreeArrayLength = (2 * nextPowerOfTwoNumber) - 1;
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}
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return new Array(segmentTreeArrayLength).fill(null);
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}
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/**
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* Stub for recursive call
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* @param {number} lindex
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* @param {number} rindex
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* Build segment tree.
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*/
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query(lindex, rindex) {
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return this.queryRec(1, lindex, rindex, 0, this.n - 1);
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buildSegmentTree() {
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const leftIndex = 0;
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const rightIndex = this.inputArray.length - 1;
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const position = 0;
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this.buildTreeRecursively(leftIndex, rightIndex, position);
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}
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/**
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* [lindex, rindex] is the query region
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* [l,r] is the current region being processed
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* Guaranteed that [lindex,rindex] contained in [l,r]
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* @param {number} root
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* @param {number} lindex
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* @param {number} rindex
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* @param {number} l
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* @param {number} r
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* Build segment tree recursively.
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*
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* @param {number} leftInputIndex
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* @param {number} rightInputIndex
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* @param {number} position
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*/
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queryRec(root, lindex, rindex, l, r) {
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// console.log(root, lindex, rindex, l, r);
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if (lindex > rindex) {
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// happens when mid+1 > r - no segment
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return this.identity;
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buildTreeRecursively(leftInputIndex, rightInputIndex, position) {
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// If low input index and high input index are equal that would mean
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// the we have finished splitting and we are already came to the leaf
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// of the segment tree. We need to copy this leaf value from input
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// array to segment tree.
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if (leftInputIndex === rightInputIndex) {
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this.segmentTree[position] = this.inputArray[leftInputIndex];
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return;
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}
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if (l === lindex && r === rindex) {
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// query region matches current region - use tree value
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return this.tree[root];
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}
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const mid = Math.floor((l + r) / 2);
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// get left and right results and combine
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const leftResult = this.queryRec(this.left(root), lindex, Math.min(rindex, mid), l, mid);
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const rightResult = this.queryRec(
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this.right(root), Math.max(mid + 1, lindex), rindex,
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mid + 1, r,
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// Split input array on two halves and process them recursively.
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const middleIndex = Math.floor((leftInputIndex + rightInputIndex) / 2);
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// Process left half of the input array.
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this.buildTreeRecursively(leftInputIndex, middleIndex, this.getLeftChildIndex(position));
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// Process right half of the input array.
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this.buildTreeRecursively(middleIndex + 1, rightInputIndex, this.getRightChildIndex(position));
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// Once every tree leaf is not empty we're able to build tree bottom up using
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// provided operation function.
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this.segmentTree[position] = this.operation(
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this.segmentTree[this.getLeftChildIndex(position)],
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this.segmentTree[this.getRightChildIndex(position)],
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);
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return this.operation(leftResult, rightResult);
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}
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/**
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* Set array[index] to value
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* @param {number} index
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* @param {number} value
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* Do range query on segment tree in context of this.operation function.
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*
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* @param {number} queryLeftIndex
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* @param {number} queryRightIndex
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* @return {number}
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*/
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update(index, value) {
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this.array[index] = value;
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this.updateRec(1, index, value, 0, this.n - 1);
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rangeQuery(queryLeftIndex, queryRightIndex) {
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const leftIndex = 0;
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const rightIndex = this.inputArray.length - 1;
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const position = 0;
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return this.rangeQueryRecursive(
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queryLeftIndex,
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queryRightIndex,
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leftIndex,
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rightIndex,
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position,
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);
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}
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/**
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* @param {number} root
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* @param {number} index
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* @param {number} value
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* @param {number} l
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* @param {number} r
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* Do range query on segment tree recursively in context of this.operation function.
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*
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* @param {number} queryLeftIndex - left index of the query
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* @param {number} queryRightIndex - right index of the query
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* @param {number} leftIndex - left index of input array segment
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* @param {number} rightIndex - right index of input array segment
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* @param {number} position - root position in binary tree
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* @return {number}
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*/
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updateRec(root, index, value, l, r) {
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if (l === r) {
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// we are at tree node containing array[index]
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this.tree[root] = value;
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} else {
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const mid = Math.floor((l + r) / 2);
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// update whichever child index is in, update this.tree[root]
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if (index <= mid) {
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this.updateRec(this.left(root), index, value, l, mid);
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} else {
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this.updateRec(this.right(root), index, value, mid + 1, r);
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rangeQueryRecursive(queryLeftIndex, queryRightIndex, leftIndex, rightIndex, position) {
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if (queryLeftIndex <= leftIndex && queryRightIndex >= rightIndex) {
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// Total overlap.
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return this.segmentTree[position];
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}
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this.tree[root] = this.operation(this.tree[this.left(root)], this.tree[this.right(root)]);
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if (queryLeftIndex > rightIndex || queryRightIndex < leftIndex) {
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// No overlap.
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return this.operationFallback;
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}
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// Partial overlap.
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const middleIndex = Math.floor((leftIndex + rightIndex) / 2);
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const leftOperationResult = this.rangeQueryRecursive(
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queryLeftIndex,
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queryRightIndex,
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leftIndex,
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middleIndex,
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this.getLeftChildIndex(position),
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);
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const rightOperationResult = this.rangeQueryRecursive(
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queryLeftIndex,
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queryRightIndex,
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middleIndex + 1,
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rightIndex,
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this.getRightChildIndex(position),
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);
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return this.operation(leftOperationResult, rightOperationResult);
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}
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/**
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* Left child index.
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* @param {number} parentIndex
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* @return {number}
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*/
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getLeftChildIndex(parentIndex) {
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return (2 * parentIndex) + 1;
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}
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/**
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* Right child index.
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* @param {number} parentIndex
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* @return {number}
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*/
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getRightChildIndex(parentIndex) {
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return (2 * parentIndex) + 2;
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}
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}
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@ -1,136 +1,101 @@
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import SegmentTree from '../SegmentTree';
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describe('SegmentTree', () => {
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it('create RMQ SegmentTree', () => {
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const array = [1, 2, 5, 3, 4, 6, 2];
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const segTree = new SegmentTree(array, Math.min, Infinity);
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it('should build tree for input array #0 with length of power of two', () => {
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const array = [-1, 2];
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const segmentTree = new SegmentTree(array, Math.min, Infinity);
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expect(segTree.array.sort()).toEqual(array.sort());
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expect(segTree.n).toBe(7);
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expect(segmentTree.segmentTree).toEqual([-1, -1, 2]);
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expect(segmentTree.segmentTree.length).toBe((2 * array.length) - 1);
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});
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it('check specific tree indices', () => {
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const array = [1, 2, 5, 3, 4, 6, 2];
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const segTree = new SegmentTree(array, Math.min, Infinity);
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it('should build tree for input array #1 with length of power of two', () => {
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const array = [-1, 2, 4, 0];
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const segmentTree = new SegmentTree(array, Math.min, Infinity);
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// 1 - [0,6]
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// 2 - [0,3] 3 - [4,6]
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// 4 - [0,1] 5 - [2,3] 6 - [4,5] 7 - [6,6]
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// 8 - [0,0] 9 - [1,1] 10 - [2,2] 11 - [3,3] 12 - [4,4] 13 - [5,5]
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expect(segTree.tree.slice(8, 14)).toEqual(array.slice(0, 6));
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expect(segTree.tree[7]).toBe(array[6]);
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expect(segTree.tree[1]).toBe(Math.min(...array));
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expect(segTree.tree[2]).toBe(Math.min(...array.slice(0, 4)));
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expect(segTree.tree[6]).toBe(Math.min(...array.slice(4, 6)));
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expect(segmentTree.segmentTree).toEqual([-1, -1, 0, -1, 2, 4, 0]);
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expect(segmentTree.segmentTree.length).toBe((2 * array.length) - 1);
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});
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it('check another tree for n=8', () => {
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const array = [5, 4, 2, 1, 4, 1, 3, 1];
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const segTree = new SegmentTree(array, Math.min, Infinity);
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it('should build tree for input array #0 with length not of power of two', () => {
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const array = [0, 1, 2];
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const segmentTree = new SegmentTree(array, Math.min, Infinity);
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// 1 - [0,7]
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// 2 - [0,3] 3 - [4,7]
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// 4 - [0,1] 5 - [2,3] 6 - [4,5] 7 - [6,7]
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// 8 - [0,0] 9 - [1,1] 10 - [2,2] 11 - [3,3] 12 - [4,4] 13 - [5,5] 14 - [6,6] 15 - [7,7]
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expect(segTree.tree.slice(8, 16)).toEqual(array.slice(0, 8));
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expect(segTree.tree[7]).toBe(Math.min(...array.slice(6, 8)));
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expect(segTree.tree[1]).toBe(Math.min(...array));
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expect(segTree.tree[2]).toBe(Math.min(...array.slice(0, 4)));
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expect(segTree.tree[6]).toBe(Math.min(...array.slice(4, 6)));
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expect(segmentTree.segmentTree).toEqual([0, 0, 2, 0, 1, null, null]);
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expect(segmentTree.segmentTree.length).toBe((2 * 4) - 1);
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});
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it('check query', () => {
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const array = [1, 2, 5, 3, 4, 6, 2];
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const segTree = new SegmentTree(array, Math.min, Infinity);
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it('should build tree for input array #1 with length not of power of two', () => {
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const array = [-1, 3, 4, 0, 2, 1];
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const segmentTree = new SegmentTree(array, Math.min, Infinity);
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const testRanges = [[0, 6], [0, 4], [2, 6], [3, 3], [4, 5], [6, 6], [1, 5], [1, 4]];
|
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for (let i = 0; i < testRanges.length; i += 1) {
|
||||
const range = testRanges[i];
|
||||
expect(segTree.query(range[0], range[1]))
|
||||
.toBe(Math.min(...array.slice(range[0], range[1] + 1)));
|
||||
}
|
||||
expect(segTree.query(0, 0)).toBe(1);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.segmentTree).toEqual([
|
||||
-1, -1, 0, -1, 4, 0, 1, -1, 3, null, null, 0, 2, null, null,
|
||||
]);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.segmentTree.length).toBe((2 * 8) - 1);
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
it('check update using queries', () => {
|
||||
const array = [1, 2, 5, 3, 4, 6, 2];
|
||||
const segTree = new SegmentTree(array, Math.min, Infinity);
|
||||
it('should build max array', () => {
|
||||
const array = [-1, 2, 4, 0];
|
||||
const segmentTree = new SegmentTree(array, Math.max, -Infinity);
|
||||
|
||||
const testRanges = [[0, 6], [0, 4], [2, 6], [3, 3], [4, 5], [6, 6], [1, 5], [1, 4]];
|
||||
|
||||
expect(segTree.array[0]).toBe(1);
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < testRanges.length; i += 1) {
|
||||
const range = testRanges[i];
|
||||
expect(segTree.query(range[0], range[1]))
|
||||
.toBe(Math.min(...array.slice(range[0], range[1] + 1)));
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
segTree.update(0, 3);
|
||||
array[0] = 3;
|
||||
|
||||
expect(segTree.array[0]).toBe(3);
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < testRanges.length; i += 1) {
|
||||
const range = testRanges[i];
|
||||
expect(segTree.query(range[0], range[1]))
|
||||
.toBe(Math.min(...array.slice(range[0], range[1] + 1)));
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
segTree.update(2, 2);
|
||||
array[2] = 2;
|
||||
|
||||
expect(segTree.array[2]).toBe(2);
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < testRanges.length; i += 1) {
|
||||
const range = testRanges[i];
|
||||
expect(segTree.query(range[0], range[1]))
|
||||
.toBe(Math.min(...array.slice(range[0], range[1] + 1)));
|
||||
}
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.segmentTree).toEqual([4, 2, 4, -1, 2, 4, 0]);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.segmentTree.length).toBe((2 * array.length) - 1);
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
it('check range sum query SegmentTree', () => {
|
||||
const array = [1, 2, 5, 3, 4, 6, 2];
|
||||
const sum = (a, b) => a + b;
|
||||
const segTree = new SegmentTree(array, sum, 0);
|
||||
it('should build sum array', () => {
|
||||
const array = [-1, 2, 4, 0];
|
||||
const segmentTree = new SegmentTree(array, (a, b) => (a + b), 0);
|
||||
|
||||
const testRanges = [[0, 6], [0, 4], [2, 6], [3, 3], [4, 5], [6, 6], [1, 5], [1, 4]];
|
||||
|
||||
expect(segTree.array[0]).toBe(1);
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < testRanges.length; i += 1) {
|
||||
const range = testRanges[i];
|
||||
expect(segTree.query(range[0], range[1]))
|
||||
.toBe(array.slice(range[0], range[1] + 1).reduce(sum));
|
||||
}
|
||||
|
||||
segTree.update(0, 3);
|
||||
array[0] = 3;
|
||||
|
||||
expect(segTree.array[0]).toBe(3);
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < testRanges.length; i += 1) {
|
||||
const range = testRanges[i];
|
||||
expect(segTree.query(range[0], range[1]))
|
||||
.toBe(array.slice(range[0], range[1] + 1).reduce(sum));
|
||||
}
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.segmentTree).toEqual([5, 1, 4, -1, 2, 4, 0]);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.segmentTree.length).toBe((2 * array.length) - 1);
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
it('check default is rmq', () => {
|
||||
const array = [3, 7, 2, 5, 4, 3, 8, 1];
|
||||
const segTree = new SegmentTree(array);
|
||||
it('should do min range query on power of two length array', () => {
|
||||
const array = [-1, 3, 4, 0, 2, 1];
|
||||
const segmentTree = new SegmentTree(array, Math.min, Infinity);
|
||||
|
||||
const testRanges = [[0, 7], [3, 7], [2, 5], [4, 4]];
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(0, 5)).toBe(-1);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(0, 2)).toBe(-1);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(1, 3)).toBe(0);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(2, 4)).toBe(0);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(4, 5)).toBe(1);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(2, 2)).toBe(4);
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < testRanges.length; i += 1) {
|
||||
const range = testRanges[i];
|
||||
expect(segTree.query(range[0], range[1]))
|
||||
.toBe(Math.min(...array.slice(range[0], range[1] + 1)));
|
||||
}
|
||||
it('should do min range query on not power of two length array', () => {
|
||||
const array = [-1, 2, 4, 0];
|
||||
const segmentTree = new SegmentTree(array, Math.min, Infinity);
|
||||
|
||||
segTree.update(0, 1);
|
||||
array[0] = 1;
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(0, 4)).toBe(-1);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(0, 1)).toBe(-1);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(1, 3)).toBe(0);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(1, 2)).toBe(2);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(2, 3)).toBe(0);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(2, 2)).toBe(4);
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
expect(segTree.array[0]).toBe(1);
|
||||
for (let i = 0; i < testRanges.length; i += 1) {
|
||||
const range = testRanges[i];
|
||||
expect(segTree.query(range[0], range[1]))
|
||||
.toBe(Math.min(...array.slice(range[0], range[1] + 1)));
|
||||
}
|
||||
it('should do max range query', () => {
|
||||
const array = [-1, 3, 4, 0, 2, 1];
|
||||
const segmentTree = new SegmentTree(array, Math.max, -Infinity);
|
||||
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(0, 5)).toBe(4);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(0, 1)).toBe(3);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(1, 3)).toBe(4);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(2, 4)).toBe(4);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(4, 5)).toBe(2);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(3, 3)).toBe(0);
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
it('should do sum range query', () => {
|
||||
const array = [-1, 3, 4, 0, 2, 1];
|
||||
const segmentTree = new SegmentTree(array, (a, b) => (a + b), 0);
|
||||
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(0, 5)).toBe(9);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(0, 1)).toBe(2);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(1, 3)).toBe(7);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(2, 4)).toBe(6);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(4, 5)).toBe(3);
|
||||
expect(segmentTree.rangeQuery(3, 3)).toBe(0);
|
||||
});
|
||||
});
|
||||
|
||||
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user